Personal pronouns:人称代词
Pronouns - 代词
代词用于指代名词或名词短语。使用代词可以多次重复前文提到的名词。
例如:
Jane ate some dinner. She was hungry.
(简吃饭了。她饿了。)
代词有多种形式。英语中有七个人称代词。
单数 | 复数 | ||
I | 我 | we | 我们 |
you | 你 | you | 你们 |
he | 他 | they | 他/她/它们 |
she | 她 | ||
it | 它 |
人称代词不仅可以指人,也可以指物。
例如:
John needs to go to the store. He needs to go to the store.
(约翰需要去商场。他需要去商场。)
Your shoes are in the living room. They are in the living room.
(你的鞋在起居室。它们在起居室。)
Mary and Jane, do you want to come?
(玛丽,简,你们想去吗?)
Addressing people - 称谓
在英语中,you 既指你、你们,也指您、您们。
一般而言,在见过面之后,大家就只称呼名字,不称呼姓了。
在正式场合,人们才会称呼姓,并在姓前加上 Mr(先生), Mrs(女士),或 Ms(不清楚是否已婚的女士)。
you 的 be 动词形式统一用 are。
Personal pronouns - 人称代词
主格 | 宾格 |
I | me |
you | you |
he/she | him/her |
we | us |
you | you |
they | them |
人称代词在英语中有主格和宾格两种形式,汉语中则没有这种分别。人称代词作宾语时,其形式如下(即人称代词的宾格形式):
me | 我(宾格) |
you | 你(宾格) |
him | 他(宾格) |
her | 她(宾格) |
it | 它(宾格) |
us | 我们(宾格) |
you | 你们(宾格) |
them | 他/她/它们(宾格) |
I 和 we 分别是第一人称代词的单数、复数形式。
am 和 are 是其相应的 be 动词形式。
she 是女性第三人称的人称代词,he 是男性第三人称的人称代词。
is 是第三人称单数的 be 动词形式,可以简写作 's,直接跟在人称代词,人名或其它名词之后。
Pronouns in reported speech - 间接引语中的代词
在间接引语中,由于是转述,所以代词要发生相应变化,使得原来的意思与转述的意思相一致。
通常情况下,第一人称代词(I/we)需改成第三人称代词(he/she/it/they);第二人称代词(you)需改成第一人称代词(me/us)。
例如:
直接引语: | He says, 'I can help you tomorrow.' |
(他说:' 我明天不能帮你/你们。') | |
间接引语: | He says he can help me/us tomorrow. |
(他说,他明天不能帮我/我们。) |
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstratives - 指示代词
指示代词共有四个。在使用时,一是要判断其指代的事物是单数还是复数,二是要判断所指代的事物距离说话者是近还是远。
表示近指:
单数: | This book (here) is very interesting. |
(这本书很有意思。) | |
复数: | These books (here) are very interesting. |
(这些书很有意思。) |
表示远指:
单数: | That house (there) is very old. |
(那座房子很古老。) | |
复数: | Those houses (there) are very old. |
(那些房子很古老。) |
如果 this, that, these 和 those 单独在句中出现(不是置于名词之前),则这些词用作代词。
例如: | What do you think of this? |
(你怎么想这件事?) | |
I'm not going to buy that! | |
(我不打算买那个!) | |
Are these yours? | |
(这些东西是你的吗?)) | |
I have a pair just like those. | |
(我也有一双像那样的。) |
This and that - 这,那
单数 | 复数 |
this (这个) | these (这些) |
that (那个) | those (那些) |
This book here is new. | That book there is old. |
(这儿的这本书是新的。) | (那儿的那本书是旧的。) |
These books here are new. | Those books there are old. |
(这儿的这些书是新的。) | (那儿的那些书是旧的。) |
Possessive pronouns
Possessives - 所有格
主格 | 形容词性 | 名词性 |
I | my | mine |
you | your | yours |
he | his | his |
she | her | hers |
it | its | --- |
we | our | ours |
you | your | yours |
they | their | theirs |
形容词性和名词性物主代词可以表示所属关系。
例如: | Is this your bag? | Yes, it's my bag. |
为了避免重复前文提到的名词,可以使用名词性物主代词来代替该名词。
例如: | Is this your bag? | Yes, it's mine. |
Is that your newspaper? | No, it's theirs. |
Pronouns - 代词
人称代词的宾格如下:
me, you, him, her, us, you, them
物主代词:
my, your, his, her, our, your, their
(我的, 你的, 他的, 她的……)
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
(我的,你的,他的……)
反身代词 (我自己的,你自己的,他自己的……))
myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves
Possessive adjectives - 物主代词
my | 我的 |
your | 你的 |
his | 他的 |
her | 她的 |
our | 我们的 |
your | 你们的 |
their | 他/她/它们的 |
例如:
My suitcase is heavy.
(我的箱子很重。)
Possessive pronouns - 物主代词
mine | 我的(东西) |
yours | 你的(东西) |
his | 他的(东西) |
hers | 她的(东西) |
its | 它的(东西) |
ours | 我们的(东西) |
yours | 你们的(东西) |
theirs | 他/她/它们的(东西) |
Possessive adjectives - 物主代词
下面的表格列出了人称代词和相应的物主代词。
人称代词 | 物主代词 |
I | my |
you | your |
he/she/it | his/her/its |
we | our |
you | your |
they | their |
Indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns - 不定代词
询问不确定的数量,可以使用 any。在给出肯定回答时,使用 some,在给出否定回答时,使用 any(与动词的否定式连用)或 no(与动词的肯定式连用)。
例如: | Do you have any paper? |
(你有纸吗?) | |
Yes, I have some paper. | |
(是的,我有一些。) | |
No, I don't have any paper. / I have no paper. | |
(不,我没有纸。) |
在提供服务或帮助时,使用 some。
例如: | Would you like some cake? |
(你想吃点儿蛋糕吗?) |
much 用于修饰不可数名词,many 用于修饰可数名词。
可以使用 a lot of 或 lots of 来代替 much 和 many。
much 和 many 的用法主要有:
too much | (太多) |
how much? | (多少) |
as much as | (和……一样多) |
so much | (这么多) |
a little 意为一点、少量,a few 意为几个。也就是说,a little 用于修饰不可数名词,a few 用于修饰可数名词。
例如: | I have a little time. |
(我有一点儿时间。) | |
I have a few books. | |
(我有几本书。) |
可以使用 some 来代替 a little 和 a few。
some 还是 any?
some 和 any 所表达的意义都是 ' 一些 ' 。
其不同在于:在肯定句中,或者在期望得到肯定回答的疑问句中,使用 some;而在否定句和疑问句中,则使用 any。
'Any' or 'some'? - any 还是 some?
any 用于疑问句或否定句中。
some 用于肯定句,也用于提供某种服务和帮助的表述中。
例如: | Do you have any children? |
I don't have any children. | |
I have some questions. | |
Would you like some coffee? |
'Each', 'every' and 'all' - each, every 和 all
这三个词语有相近的意思,但是我们应该重视它们的区别。
each 是指每一个,突出个别。
例如:
Each child got an apple.
(每个孩子都得到了一个苹果。)
every 是指每个、各个,突出所有人。其修饰的名词使用单数形式。
例如:
Every child goes to school.
(每个孩子都去上学。即:所有孩子都去上学。)
all 指所有人,其修饰的名词使用复数形式。
例如:
All children like candy.
(所有的孩子都喜欢糖果。)
Quantities - 数量
much 用来形容不可数名词;而 many 修饰可数名词。
还可以用 a lot of 和 lots of 代替 much 和 many 来表示数量。
much 用法如下:
too much | I had too much wine. |
how much? | How much is that t-shirt? |
as much as | Is it as much as that? |
so much | We had so much fun. |
a little 修饰不可数名词,a few 修饰可数名词,都意为 ' 一点,少量 '。
例如: | I have a little time. |
I have a few books. |
a little 和 a few 都可以用 some 代替。
'Much', 'many' - much 和 many
数量形容词 much 和 many 的区别在于,much 只用来修饰不可数名词,而 many 只用来修饰可数名词。
much 用于不可数名词之前,其后名词是单数形式。
I don't have much time.
(我没有太多时间。)
many 用于可数名词之前,其后名词是复数形式。
Lisa buys many oranges.
(丽莎买了很多橙子。)
'How much' and 'how many' - How much 和 how many
how much 用于不可数名词。
例如:
How much wine would you like?
how many 用于可数名词。
例如:
How many hours do you work?
Some and any - Some 与 any
some 意为一些,用来表述不确定的数量,既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词。 some 一般用于肯定句中。
例如: | There are some letters on the table. |
(桌子上有几封信。) |
any 同样用来表述不确定的数量,但 any 只可用于疑问句与否定句中。
例如: | Do you have any money? |
(你有钱吗?) | |
Sorry, I don't have any money. | |
(不好意思,我没钱。) |
例外: 在提供或索要某些物品的疑问句中,可以使用 some。
例如: | Would you like some money? |
(你想要点儿钱吗?) | |
Could I have some money? | |
(我可以要点儿钱吗?) |
A glass of wine - 一杯葡萄酒
数量如何表达,取决于名词的性质。可数名词通常用 a (一个)或相应的数词来表示数量。对于不可数名词,或表达不确定的数量,就可以使用 some。
例如:
a glass of wine | 一杯葡萄酒 |
some wine | 一些葡萄酒 |
Anything, something, nothing - anything, something 和 nothing
some, any 和 no 三个词可以与 one 或 thing 连在一起构成合成词,用以表达数量不确定的人或物。后缀 body 和后缀 one 意思相同,都用来表示人,可以互换。
例如:
For people (人)
Is anyone/anybody here?
Yes, someone/somebody is here.
No, no one/nobody is here.
For things (物)
Do you have something to eat?
Yes, I have something to eat.
No, I don't have anything to eat.
'Some' and 'any' - some 和 any
当名词的数量不清楚或不重要时,需要使用 some 或 any。
I need to buy some new shoes.
(我得去买些新鞋。)
Do we have any paper?
(我们还有纸吗?)
在肯定句中,一般使用 some,在疑问句与否定句中,一般使用 any。
如果在疑问句中使用 some,则表示提问者期待一个肯定的回答。
Would you like some more wine?
(你想再多来些葡萄酒吗?)
A few, a little - 少量,一点
对于可数名词,使用 a few;对于不可数名词,使用 a little。
例如: | I have a few apples here. |
(我这儿有几个苹果。) | |
There's only a little butter in the cake. | |
(蛋糕里只有一点儿黄油。) |
The substitute word 'one' - 替代词 one
one(复数 ones)是一个替代词,用于指代前文提到的名词,避免名词的重复。
例如: | There are lots of B&Bs in London. |
The one on this street is very nice. | |
(在伦敦有很多私人旅店, | |
在这条街上的那个非常不错。) | |
The hotels in the center are expensive. | |
The ones on the outskirts are cheaper. | |
(在市中心的宾馆很贵, | |
在市郊的那些就便宜些。) |
如果需要用形容词,则需要把形容词写在 one 之前。
例如: | I've just bought a ticket. |
Did you buy the cheap one? | |
(我刚刚买了一张票。 | |
你买了那张便宜的吗?) |
The pronouns 'anybody' and 'somebody' - 代词 anybody 和 somebody
代词 anybody 和 somebody 都意为某人。如果在陈述句或疑问句中,所指代的人是某个具体的人,需要使用 somebody;如果所指代的并非具体的人,而是指任何一个人,则需要使用 anybody。
例如: | Anybody could paint that. |
(这个谁都能画。) | |
Do you know anyone who can play the piano? | |
(你认识会弹钢琴的人吗?) | |
I know somebody who plays in the orchestra. | |
(我认识一个在交响乐队演奏的人。) |
'Much', 'many' - much 和 many
much 和 many 都意为许多、大量。它们之间的不同在于,much 用于修饰不可数名词,如 water(水)、luck(运气)、money(钱)等。many 则用于修饰可数名词,如 coins(硬币)、people (人)。much 和 many可以在如下情形中使用:too much, so much, how much...?, as much as, not much.
例如: | I don't have much money. |
(我没带太多钱。) |
much 和 many 的意思也可以用 lots of, a lot of, a great deal of 或 plenty of 来表达。
All, all of - 所有的
all 在句中可置于两个不同的位置:或者置于名词之前,或者置于名词之后。
例如: | The people all applied for welfare. |
All of the people applied for welfare. | |
(所有的人都申请了福利。) |
注意:介词 of 可以省略。
例如: | All the people applied for welfare. |
As good as any
Relative pronouns and clauses
Relative pronouns - 关系代词
关系代词用于引导定语从句,修饰主句中的名词。英语中的关系代词有:who, whom, whose, which 和 that。
which 或 that 用来指物,who 用来指人。
例如:
The card which/that just arrived is from Paul.
(刚收到的卡片是保罗寄来的。)
The woman who is standing there is Ann.
(站在那儿的那位女士是 Ann。)
表达占有或所属关系,使用 whose。
例如:
I saw a girl whose hair was very long.
(我看到一个头发很长的女孩。)
注意:关系代词之前一般不使用逗号。
如果关系代词作定语从句中的宾语,一般可以省去。
例如:
The computer which/that I bought yesterday doesn't work.
或者:
The computer I bought yesterday doesn't work.
(我昨天买的那台电脑不能用。)
The man who/that you saw is my brother.
或者:
The man you saw is my brother.
(你看到的那个人是我哥哥。)
Relative clauses - 定语从句
定语从句用于更加详尽地表述主句中提到的人或事物。构成定语从句需要使用相应的关系代词。
对于人而言,可以使用 who 或 that。
例如:
That's the man who/that checks the tickets.
(这就是那个检票的人。)
对于物而言,可以使用 which 或 that。
例如:
That's the train which/that goes to Wales.
(这就是那辆开往威尔士的火车。)
对于地点而言,可以使用 where。
例如:
That's the place where you can buy tickets.
(这就是可以买票的那个地方。)
这类定语从句不需要加逗号,但当定语从句是一个插入语,或说明附加信息时,则需要加逗号。
例如:
My sister's car, which is red, was stolen last night.
(我姐姐的车,就是那辆红色的,昨天晚上被偷了。)
Relative pronouns - 关系代词
指涉物,用关系代词 which 或 that,指涉人,用关系代词 who。
例如:
The card which/that just arrived is from Paul.
(刚刚到的卡片是保罗寄来的。)
The woman who is standing there is Ann.
(站在那儿的那位女士是安。)
注意:在英语中,有时关系代词之前不加逗号。
Reduced relative clauses with past participle - 由过去分词构成的定语从句的简缩形式
过去分词可以取代含有被动语态的定语从句。
例如:
The wall that was hit by the truck collapsed.
The wall hit by the truck collapsed.
(被卡车撞到的那面墙塌了。)
Reduced relative clauses with present participle - 现在分词构成的定语从句的简缩形式
有时定语从句可以简化为分词形式:
例如:
The woman who is talking to Joe is my sister.
The woman talking to Joe is my sister.
(跟琼说话的那位女士是我姐姐。)
如上例所示,现在分词所代替的是一个进行时态。进行时态表示在某个时间点,某项活动正在进行。
Relative pronouns - 关系代词
关系代词用于引导定语从句。
例如: | The musician who wrote the hit single is rich. |
(写那首热门歌曲的音乐家很有钱。) |
关系代词主要有:
which(指物) | that(指物或人) | who(指人) |
where(指地点) | when(指时间) | whom(指人) |
Defining relative clauses - 限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句提供有关名词的重要信息,并用关系代词引导。在限制性定语从句与主句之间不需要使用逗号。
关系代词 who 和 that 用于指代人。
例如: | He's the singer who/that performed last night. |
(他就是昨晚演出的那个歌手。) |
that 和 which 用于指代物。
例如: | That's the suit which/that cost $5,000. |
(这就是那件值五千美元的西装。) |
More relative pronouns - 其它关系代词
where 和 when 既可用于限制性定语从句,又可用于非限制性定语从句。
关系代词 where 用于指代地点:
例如: | That is the house where Elvis lived. |
(这就是埃尔维斯住的房子。) |
关系代词 when 用于指代时间:
例如: | I was young when I first listened to rock. |
(我第一次听摇滚的时候年纪还很小。) |
Who, whom or whose - who, whom 还是 whose
关系代词 who 用于指代人,并在定语从句中充当主语成分。关系代词 whom 也用于指代人,但在定语从句中充当宾语成分。whom 有些过于正式,因此经常被 who 所代替。
例如: | He's the man who lives next door. |
He's the man whom I met yesterday. | |
She is the woman who(m) I wanted to see. |
关系代词 whose 用于表达所属关系,既可指物,又可指人。
例如: | That is the man whose guitar I bought. |
Non-defining relative clauses - 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句提供有关名词的附加信息,这些信息并不是必不可少的。定语从句与主句之间需要加逗号隔开。
例如:
John, who is my friend, plays guitar.
(约翰,我的朋友,弹吉他。)
不使用该从句,句子的意思也很明确:
例如: | John plays guitar. |
(约翰弹吉他。) |
注意:关系代词 that 只能使用在限制性定语从句中!
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns - 反身代词
例如: | I hurt myself yesterday. |
(我昨天把自己弄伤了。) |
主语 | 宾语 | 反身代词 |
I | me | myself |
you | you | yourself |
he/she/it | him/her/it | himself/herself/itself |
we | us | ourselves |
you | you | yourselves |
they | them | themselves |
在反身代词用于指代主语自身时,必须随主语人称和数的变化而变化。
例如: | He washed the car himself. |
(他自己洗了车。) | |
They baked the cake themselves. | |
(他们自己烤蛋糕了。) |
Reflexive pronouns - 反身代词
反身代词由物主代词加 self(单数),或 selves(复数)构成。
myself, yourself 等词在英文中意为“我(你)自己 ”。
反身代词必须根据主语的人称及数量进行变化。
myself | 我自己 |
yourself | 你自己 |
himself | 他自己 |
herself | 她自己 |
itself | 它自己 |
ourselves | 我们自己 |
yourselves | 你们自己 |
themselves | 他/她/它们自己 |
The reciprocal pronouns 'each other' - 互指代词 each other
反身代词表示动作只涉及主语本身,而互指代词 each other 则表示动作的相互性。
John looks at Carol. (约翰看着卡罗。)
Carol looks at John. (卡罗看着约翰。)
John and Carol look at each other.
(约翰和卡罗互相看着对方。)