Auxiliary verbs - 助动词
Auxiliary verbs - 助动词
例如: | I have already eaten. |
(我已经吃了。) | |
She is reading a book. | |
(她正在看书。) |
如现在完成时、过去完成时等都需用到助动词 have。
助动词 do 主要用于构成一般疑问句。
例如: | Do you like coffee? |
(你喜欢喝咖啡吗?) |
在特殊疑问句中,如果没有动词 be,则需要用助动词 do 构成疑问。
例如: | What do you think? |
(你怎么想?) |
do 也可以用于强调某种说法。
例如: | I do like walking in the woods |
(我确实喜欢在树林里散步。) |
The present of 'have' - have 的现在时形式
I | have | 我 | 有 |
you | have | 你 | 有 |
he | has | 他 | 有 |
we | have | 我们 | 有 |
you | have | 你 | 有 |
they | have | 他们 | 有 |
动词 have 在 he, she, it 后面的形式相同。
' 你 ' 和尊称 ' 您 ' 在英语中都是 you。
Negation - 否定
动词用 not 进行否定。
not 应加在变位动词之后。变位动词是指其形态随主语变化的动词。
Short forms - 缩写形式
人称代词和名词后面的动词 be 可以缩写。
is not 简写为 isn't,are not 简写为 aren't,但 am not 不能缩写。
例如: | She isn't Chinese. |
(她不是中国人。) |
当然也可以使用动词的缩写形式,再加 not。
例如: | She's not Chinese. |
I'm not Chinese. |
The verb 'do' - 动词 do
肯定句中的主要动词不是 be 动词时,使用动词 do 作为助动词构成一般疑问句。
助动词 do 有两种形式:当主语是单数第三人称时,助动词为 does,当主语为其它人称时,助动词为 do。
The auxiliary 'do' - 助动词 do
如果特殊疑问中的主要动词不是 be 动词,则需要使用助动词 do 来构成疑问。
例如: | What do you think? |
唯一的例外是当疑问代词 who 和 what 在疑问句中做主语时,不使用助动词 do。
例如: | Who lives here? |
What makes you happy? |
在特殊疑问句中,如果句中的动词不是 be,则需要用助动词 do 来构成疑问。唯一的例外是,以 who 或 what 开始的疑问句,在疑问代词作主语时,不需要使用 do。
例如: | Who lives here? |
The present of basic verbs - 基本动词的一般现在时态
be | have | do | ||
I | (我) | am | have | do |
you | (你/您) | are | have | do |
he / she / it | (他/她/它) | is | has | does |
we | (我们) | are | have | do |
you | (你们) | are | have | do |
they | (他们) | are | have | do |
Questions - 疑问句
疑问句需要用到助动词 do,be 动词或其它助动词或情态动词。对第三人称单数的提问需在 do 后加 es。
例如: | Do you want coffee? |
Does she like tea? |
但是: | Are you hungry? |
Is he working? | |
Can you come here? |
The present of 'be' - be 动词的现在时态
在英语中,在不同的人称代词后,be 动词有不同的形式:
I | am | 我 | 是 |
you | are | 你,您 | 是 |
he | is | 他 | 是 |
we | are | 我们 | 是 |
you | are | 你们 | 是 |
they | are | 他/她/它们 | 是 |
he,she 和 it 的 be 动词形式相同。
在英语中,你、你们和您使用相同的人称代词和 be 动词。
The short form of 'be' - be 动词的缩写形式
I'm | we're |
you're | you're |
he's, she's, it's | they're |
还记得下面的动词变化吗:be, have, do
I | am | have | do |
you | are | have | do |
he | is | has | does |
we | are | have | do |
you | are | have | do |
they | are | have | do |
The present of 'be' - be 动词的现在时态
在英语中,在不同的人称代词后,be 动词有不同的形式:
I | am | 我 | 是 |
you | are | 你,您 | 是 |
he | is | 他 | 是 |
we | are | 我们 | 是 |
you | are | 你们 | 是 |
they | are | 他/她/它们 | 是 |
he,she 和 it 的 be 动词形式相同。
在英语中,你、你们和您使用相同的人称代词和 be 动词。
The simple past of the verb 'do' - 助动词 do 的过去式
过去时中助动词 do 对于所有人称都只有一种形式。
过去时的否定式也是对助动词 do 进行变化,主动词保持不定式不变。
The verb 'do' - 动词 do
肯定句中的主要动词不是 be 动词时,使用动词 do 作为助动词构成一般疑问句。
助动词 do 有两种形式:当主语是单数第三人称时,助动词为 does,当主语为其它人称时,助动词为 do。
Questions with 'be' - 用 be 动词提问
用 be 动词构成疑问句,只需要把 be 动词提前,放在主语的前面。
例如:
Are you? | (你是……吗?) |
Is he? | (他是……吗?) |
Are we? | (我们是……吗?) |
Are they? | (他们是……吗?) |
对 be 动词进行否定,只需要在 be 动词后直接加 not。
例如:
I am not | (我不是) |
Short forms - 缩写形式
在英语中,人们经常使用 be 的缩写形式。不仅在口语中,在书面语中也是如此。
例如:
I'm Mark. | (我是马克。) |
My name's Ellen. | (我的名字叫艾伦。) |
缩写形式 | 完整形式 |
I'm | I am |
you're | you are |
it's | it is |
There is/are - 有
在英语中,表达某处存在或有某物,经常使用 there is(单数)和 there are(复数)句式。
例如:
There's a garage.
(有一个车库。)
提问时,只需把动词提前。
例如:
Is there a garden?
(有花园吗?)
'Have got' or 'have? - have got 还是 have?
have 和 have got 表示占有关系。
例如:
I've got a big house.
I have a new dog.
have got 属于英式英语;而 have 属于美式英语。
have 的一般现在时态的提问方式使用一般现在时态的提问规则。
例如:
Do you have a dog?
而 have got 的一般现在时态的提问方式则不使用一般现在时态的提问规则。
例如:
Have you got a car?
'Make' and 'do' - make 和 do
make 和 do 都有 ' 做 ' 的意思。具体而言,make 倾向于指制造、制作。
例如: | OK, I'll make the coffee. |
(好吧,我去煮咖啡。) |
do 则表示做某件事,指从事某种行为,可与 something, nothing, everything, what 等词连用。
例如: | Do something! |
(做点儿事吧!) | |
What will you do? | |
(你想要干什么?) |
此外,还有很多与 do 和 make 相关的习语,这些表达方式必须单独记忆。
例如: | do your best | (尽力) |
do the cooking | (做饭) | |
make a profit | (赚钱) | |
make an offer | (提供……) | |
make a suggestion | (提出建议) | |
make a mistake | (犯错误) |
'Have got' or 'have? - have got 还是 have?
have 和 have got 表示占有关系。
例如:
I've got a big house.
I have a new dog.
have got 属于英式英语;而 have 属于美式英语。
have 的一般现在时态的提问方式使用一般现在时态的提问规则。
例如:
Do you have a dog?
而 have got 的一般现在时态的提问方式则不使用一般现在时态的提问规则。
例如:
Have you got a car?
Subject/verb agreement - 主谓一致
有些主语虽是单数,但涉及一群人,这时谓语动词仍需用单数。
例如: | The group of people is angry. |
(那群人生气了。) |
有些主语事实上是复数,但谓语动词仍用单数形式。这些词有:the Netherlands, mathematics, news 等等。
例如: | The United States is a big country. |
(美国是一个大国。) |
Modal verbs
英语中的情态动词有:
can | 能 |
could | 能,可以 |
will | 将,会 |
shall | 将 |
would | 将,愿意 |
would like | 想要 |
should | 应该 |
ought to | 应该 |
情态动词不进行变位。在第三人称单数条件下,也不必加 s。情态动词后加动词不定式。
例如: | I can't see you. |
(我看不见你。) | |
Would you like a drink? | |
(你想喝点儿东西吗?) |
情态动词 must 意为必须,其否定形式 must not 可缩写为 mustn't,意为不允许。
例如: | You must have a visa before you go to North Korea. |
(去朝鲜之前必须要拿到签证。) | |
You mustn't press that button. | |
(你不能按那个按钮。) |
对于 must 的过去及将来时态,可以用 must 的代替形式 have to 来表达。
例如: | We had to show our passports at the border. |
(我们必须在过境时出示护照。) |
Negation of modal verbs - 情态动词的否定式
情态动词跟动词 be 一样,用 not 来否定。
实意动词位于否定词之后,并保持原形。
情态动词的否定式也可以用缩写形式来表示,如:mustn't, couldn't, won't, can't。
Modal verbs - 情态动词
情态动词在句子中没有人称和数的变化。即使是单数第三人称作主语,也不需要在词尾加 s。
例如:
I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they:
can, could, ought to, should, will, may, might, must, shall, would
Modals 'can' and 'may' - 情态动词 can 和 may
情态动词 can 表示许可,能力和可能性。
例如: | Can I open the window? |
(我能打开窗户吗?) | |
Can you swim? | |
(你会游泳吗?) | |
I hope he can come tonight. | |
(我希望他今晚能来。) |
may 也可以表示许可。
例如: | May I close the door? |
(我可以关上门吗?) |
'Could', 'would' and 'would like' - could, would 和 would like
含有 could 的问句用更礼貌的语气表述了“这个……可能吗”的意思。
含有 would 的问句大多数表示的是请求和愿望。
例如:
Could I have another cup of tea, please?
(请再给我一杯茶好吗?)
Would you like a glass of water?
(您想喝杯水吗?)
英语中 would like 表示礼貌的请求和意愿。
例如:
I would like a cup of tea.
(我想喝一杯茶。)
'Can' and 'could' - can 和 could
Can you ...? 句式,用于表达某种请求。
例如:
Can you open the window, please?
Can you wait a moment, please?
为了使这种表达方式听起来更有礼貌,可以使用 Could you ...? 句式。
例如:
Could you open the window, please.
Could you wait a moment, please?
The modal verbs 'could', 'should', 'would' - 情态动词 could, should, would
could, should 和 would 是情态动词,也就是说,它们必须与另外一个实意动词共同使用。与情态动词连用的动词不定式不需要加 to。
could 的用法很多。它是 can 的过去式,通常用于表达某种假设或某种可能性。
例如: | He could swim when he was eight. |
(他八岁时就会游泳了。) | |
Could you open the door, please? | |
(请问你能把门打开吗?) | |
We could go to the cinema. | |
(我们可以去电影院。) |
should 倾向于表达某种要求,在向他人寻求建议时,经常被使用。
例如: | You should be polite. |
(你应该礼貌一点儿。) | |
Where should we go? | |
(我们应该去哪儿呢?) |
would 用于礼貌的提问。
例如: | What would you suggest? |
(你建议怎么办呢?) |
Modal verbs in the past - 情态动词的过去时态
情态动词本身不能单独构成过去时态;但是可以通过结构:' 情态动词 + have + 动词的过去分词 ' 构成。
例如:
I should have done it yesterday.
(我本应当昨天完成它的。)
must 在这种情况下仅仅表示一种推测。
例如:
That must have been terrible!
(那个肯定很恐怖。)
'Must' as supposition - 表示推测的情态动词 must
当 must 表示推测时,意为必须,应当。
例如:
That must be nice.
(那个应当很好。)
That must have been nice.
(那个本来应该很好。)
Modals 'can' and 'must' - 情态动词 can 和 must
情态动词 can 表示许可,能力和可能性。
例如: | Can I open the window? |
(我能打开窗户吗?) | |
Can you swim? | |
(你会游泳吗?) | |
I hope he can come tonight. | |
(我希望他今天晚上能来。) |
情态动词 must 表示义务或者强迫做某事。
例如: | You must come tomorrow. |
(你明天必须来。) |
Modals 'have to' and 'be able to' - 情态动词 have to 和 be able to
情态动词 have to 和 must 一样表示义务或强迫做某事,have to 强调客观原因;must 强调主观因素。
例如:
I have to go now.
(我现在不得不走了。)
情态动词 be able to 表示能力和可能性。
例如:
The baby isn't able to walk yet.
(婴儿现在还不能走。)
I wasn't able to reach her.
(我不能联系到她。)
The verb 'can' - 动词 can
与其它情态动词相同,can 之后直接加动词原形。而且 can 的第三人称单数形式也不需要加 s。
can 表示某种能力或可能性。
例如:
He can take the next train.
They can buy a ticket at the door.
The modal verb 'should' - 情态动词'should'
表达过去时,可以使用'should have'加过去分词的结构:
例如: | Ben should have stayed at home. |
(本应该留在家里。) |
'ought to have'加过去分词,也表达同样的意思:
例如: | Ben ought to have stayed at home. |
(本应该留在家里。) |
情态动词'should'和'ought to'可以用于表达可能性:
例如: | It should be no problem. |
It ought to be no problem. | |
(应该没有问题。) |
Tip! - 建议
在口语中提出建议时,经常使用 had better 加原形动词的结构。它的含义与 should 相同。
Modal verbs - 情态动词
情态动词 must, have to 和 need to 与动词原形连用,可以表达某种必要性。
例如: | You must / have to / need to write your resume. |
如果说话人主观上认为,某件事是非做不可的,则需要使用 must:
例如: | I must write my resume. |
(我必须写简历了。) |
如果说话人并非出于主观意愿去做某件事,而仅仅因为这件事是非做不可的(比如是别人要求自己这么做的),则需要使用 have to:
例如: | I have to write my resume, otherwise my mom will be mad at me. |
(我不得不写简历了,不然我妈妈 肯定要气疯了。) |
Verb conjugation
在英语中,动词变位有相应的规则。
规则动词
动词 have
动词 be
动词 do
动词 arise, rise, raise
以 y 结尾的动词
不规则动词
过去式
The present tense - 现在时态
动词的现在时态有两种形式:主语是第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,在动词原形的后面加上 s 就行了;其它人称作主语时,动词形式不变。
上述规则对情态动词(can, will, must, may 和 shall)不适用。这些情态动词在现在时中只有一种形式,即它们的原形。
Irregular verbs - 不规则动词
某些动词过去式的构成,不加词尾 ed, 而是有其特殊的形式。
这些动词并不多,需要通过逐个学习来掌握。
Regular verbs - 规则动词
这些动词的过去式与过去分词相同。
在构成过去式与过去分词时,只需要在动词原形后加 ed,并注意在加 ed 时的一些特殊规则。
现在完成时态由 ' have/has + 动词的过去分词 ' 共同构成。
例如: | He has played the piano. |
(他已经弹过钢琴了。) |
Irregular verbs I - 不规则动词 I
这些动词的过去式是不规则的,但其过去式和过去分词是一样的,因此只需要记忆其中的一种形式。
少数动词的过去式和过去分词甚至和动词原形是一致的。
Irregular verbs II - 不规则动词 II
这些动词的过去式与过去分词拥有不同的形式。无论在写法上还是读音上,它们都与其现在时形式有着明显的差别。
对于这些动词而言,过去式与过去分词的构成没有任何规律可循,必须单独记忆。
The simple present - 一般现在时
一般现在时第三人称单数在需要动词不定式后加 s,其它人称动词不变。
例如:
I | work | cry | |
you | work | cry | |
he | works | cries | |
we | work | cry | |
you | work | cry | |
they | work | cry |
以 y 结尾的动词,构成第三人称单数时需要将 y 改为 i ,再加 es。
The simple present - 一般现在时
以 o 结尾的动词,在一般现在时中构成第三人称单数时加 es。
一般现在时用于描述人们偶尔、经常或有规律做的一件事情,或一种状态。
例如: | The children go to school every day. |
This building is big. |
The simple past - 一般过去时
以下是一些常用不规则动词的过去式及过去分词:
build | built | built | pay | paid | paid |
buy | bought | bought | read | read | read |
catch | caught | caught | say | said | said |
drive | drove | driven | send | sent | sent |
fall | fell | fallen | speak | spoke | spoken |
feel | felt | felt | spend | spent | spent |
find | found | found | take | took | taken |
get | got | got/gotten | tell | told | told |
go | went | gone | think | thought | thought |
make | made | made | write | wrote | written |
The simple past - 一般过去时
下列为不规则变化的动词:
blow | blew | blown |
fly | flew | flown |
grow | grew | grown |
know | knew | known |
mow | mowed | mown |
sew | sewed | sewn |
sow | sowed | sown |
show | showed | shown |
throw | threw | thrown |
The present perfect - 现在完成时
现在完成时由 ' have 的一般现在时 + 动词的过去分词(如 gone, done, seen, talked, worked 等)' 构成。在动作已经发生,但是时间点不重要(只是说明动作是否发生)时,使用该时态(经常与 ever, never, yet, still, always, already 连用)。
例如: | I have never been to Peru. | (我还没有去过佩鲁。) |
I've already done it. | (我已经做完了。) | |
She hasn't arrived yet. | (她还没有来。) |
Negating the present perfect - 现在完成时的否定式
否定现在完成时的句子,只需要在 have/has 和过去分词之间加 not。
例如:
I have not seen him.
He has not been here.
缩写形式 haven't 和 hasn't 通常只在口语中使用。
The present tense - 现在时态
动词的现在时态有两种形式:第三人称单数(he, she, it)作主语时,需要在动词原形后面加上 s;其它人称作主语时,动词形式不变。
Irregular verbs II - 不规则动词 II
这些动词的过去式与过去分词拥有不同的形式。无论在写法上还是读音上,它们都与其现在时形式有着明显的差别。
对于这些动词而言,过去式与过去分词的构成没有任何规律可循,必须单独记忆。is,write,become,come,do,get,see,take -> was, wrote,became,came,did,got,saw,took
The simple past - 一般过去时
规则动词的过去式可在动词词尾加 ed 构成(例如 worked, played, tried, stopped 等等)。
以 ' 辅音字母 + y ' 结尾的动词构成过去式时需改 y 为 i 加 ed。
下面列出一些常用不规则动词的过去式和过去分词:
break | broke | broken |
bring | brought | brought |
come | came | come |
do | did | done |
drink | drank | drunk |
fight | fought | fought |
have | had | had |
know | knew | known |
lose | lost | lost |
throw | threw | thrown |
win | won | won |
be | was | forget | forgot |
begin | began | fly | flew |
bend | bent | freeze | froze |
blow | blew | go | went |
break | broke | grow | grew |
cost | cost | leave | left |
draw | drew | meet | met |
drink | drank | ring | rang |
eat | ate | say | said |
fall | fell | shake | shook |
feel | felt | sleep | slept |
find | found | spend | spent |
fight | fought | wake | woke |
Plural subject/verb agreement - 复数主语与谓语一致
主语中出现 both, few, many 和 several 等词,则谓语动词需用复数。
例如: | Both are Democratic candidates. |
(两个都是民主党候选人。) | |
Few are from the North. | |
(有几个是从北部来的。) |
用 and 连接的主语,谓语动词需要用复数。
例如: | The Republican and the Democrat are friends. |
(共和党人和民主党人是朋友。) |