Past tenses
Past tenses - 过去时态
对于过去发生,并且已经结束的动作或行为,需要使用一般过去时态。与该时态连用的时间状语包括:yesterday, last night, last year, a long time ago, 1990 等。
例如: | I watched a movie last night. |
过去进行时态用来表达,在过去某一时刻,一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在持续。对于过去某一时刻,两个都在持续进行的动作,也可以使用两个过去进行时态。
例如: | I was watching TV, when she arrived. |
While John was cleaning the windows, I was cooking. |
现在完成时态用于表达在过去某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在的行为或动作。
例如: | Ben hasn't eaten since breakfast. |
现在完成进行时态用于对句中的行为或动作进行强调,动作是否已经结束,并不重要。
例如: | Ben has been writing reports all day long. |
过去完成时态用于描述在过去已经发生的某个行为之前发生的另一个行为或动作,即描述过去的过去。
例如: | John had left before I arrived. |
过去完成进行时态用于表达,过去的某一行为仍在持续时,另一个行为已经开始或发生。
例如: | I had been working for three hours before she arrived. |
Regular verbs - 规则动词
这些动词的过去式与过去分词相同。
在构成过去式与过去分词时,只需要在动词原形后加 ed,并注意在加 ed 时的一些特殊规则。
现在完成时态由 ' have/has + 动词的过去分词 ' 共同构成。
例如: | He has played the piano. |
(他已经弹过钢琴了。) |
Irregular verbs I - 不规则动词 I
这些动词的过去式是不规则的,但其过去式和过去分词是一样的,因此只需要记忆其中的一种形式。
少数动词的过去式和过去分词甚至和动词原形是一致的。 read, find, keep, tell, have, bring, buy, make,
Simple past or present perfect? - 过去时还是现在完成时?
对于发生在过去并且已经完成的动作或行为,应使用过去时。特别是在句子中提及过去某一时间时(如 last week),必须使用过去时。
如果过去的行为或状态一直持续到现在,或者过去的行为或状态对现在造成了结果和影响,则须使用现在完成时。
一般过去时:
对于在过去某一时间开始,并在过去已经结束的动作,需要使用一般过去时。一些涉指过去的时间状语,如 in 2005, last Monday, yesterday, at the end of the last century 等出现时,表示该句话需要使用一般过去时。
现在完成时:
如果一个动作或行为在过去开始,但是到现在为止仍未结束,则需要使用现在完成时态。
Time phrases - 表示时间的词语
以 for 和 since 引导的时间状语,在动作或状态一直持续到现在的前提下,与现在完成时连用。
如果动作和状态在过去某一时间已经结束,则与一般过去时连用。
Conjunctions - 连词
一些连词一般与过去完成时搭配使用,表示过去发生动作的不一致。例如: after, before, as soon as, once。
Past tenses - 过去时态
一般过去时态: | it rained |
过去进行时态: | it was raining |
现在完成时态: | it has rained |
过去完成时态: | it had rained |
Present perfect and past simple - 现在完成时态和一般过去时态
美式英语中一般过去时态可以与副词 just, already 和 yet 连用,而在英式英语中这些词只能用于现在完成时态中。
例如:
英式英语 | 美式英语 |
Have you seen him yet? | Did you see him yet? |
He has just gone out. | He just went out. |
Have you already bought it? | Did you buy it already? |
Simple past or present perfect? - 过去时还是现在完成时?
对于发生在过去并且已经完成的动作或行为,应使用过去时。特别是在句子中提及过去某一时间时(如 last week),必须使用过去时。
如果过去的行为或状态一直持续到现在,或者过去的行为或状态对现在造成了结果和影响,则须使用现在完成时。
Tenses with 'since' - since 的时态
如果从句中的动作或行为是过去发生的,则需要使用一般过去时态。
例如: | Julia's been enjoying herself since she arrived at Chaco Canyon. |
(自从到了查科峡谷之后,尤丽娅就 非常开心。) |
如果从句中的动作或行为尚未完全结束,则需要使用现在完成进行时态。
例如: | Julia's been enjoying herself since she's been visiting these sites. |
(自从开始参观这些景点,尤丽娅就 非常开心。) |
Conjunctions with past simple and present perfect - 与一般过去时和现在完成时连用的连词
在以 after, when, until, as soon as, once, by the time 等连词引导的从句中,如果从句中的动作或行为已经结束,则需要使用一般过去时态。
例如: | Once we realized what time it was, we hurried to the airport. |
(我们一意识到当时的时间,就马上赶往了机场。) |
在以 after, when, until, as soon as, once, by the time 等连词引导的从句中,如果从句中的动作或行为尚未发生(或在将来的某一时刻发生),则需要使用现在完成时态。
例如: | Once we've arrived, we can find a hotel room. |
(我们一到,就能找到一个宾馆的房间。) |
Mixture of tenses to narrate an event - 混合时态和事件描述
无论是在书面语,还是在口语中,为了表达清楚过去事情发生的时间,经常使用混合时态。
过去进行时用于描述过去某一时刻正在进行的行为或动作,而过去时态则用于描述过去已经结束的行为或动作。这两种时态在特定的条件下,可以同时使用:
例如: Mike was talking to the secretary when the earthquake hit.
(麦克正和秘书说话的时候,地震爆发了。)
过去某一行为正在持续,另一行为突然发生时,可以使用这种混合时态。
现在进行时与一般现在时、现在完成进行时及现在完成时也可以按照同样的逻辑联合使用。
Simple past
The simple past - 一般过去时态
描述过去发生并已经结束的动作和行为,采用一般过去时态,该时态与 yesterday, last night, last year, a long time ago, 1990 等时间状语连用。
例如: | I watched a movie last night. |
(我昨天晚上看了一场电影。) |
对于规则动词而言,构成一般过去时,只需要在动词原形之后加上词尾 ed。
例如: | talk | talked |
work | worked |
如果动词不定式以 e 结尾,则只需在动词后直接加 d,以构成过去式。
例如: | change | changed |
estimate | estimated |
在重读闭音节后,最后一个辅音字母要双写。
例如: | stop | stopped |
The simple past - 一般过去时态
动词的一般过去时态形式由动词原形加后缀 ed 构成。
例如: | I walk. |
I walked. |
所有人称的动词过去式相同。
The simple past of the verb 'to be' - be 动词的一般过去时态形式
be 动词是不规则动词,其过去式有两种形式。
was 用于第一和第三人称单数,
were 用于第二人称和所有人称复数。
The negative sentence - 否定句
be 动词在过去时中用 not 否定。其它所有动词用助动词 do 的过去式加上 not 再加它们的原形否定。
did not 可以缩写为 didn't。
Simple past - 一般过去时态
动词过去式的构成有以下规则:当动词以字母 y 结尾并且 y 前面是辅音字母时,过去式需去掉 y 加 ied。
例如: | fry | fried |
单音节并以辅音结尾的动词在构成过去式或过去分词时需双写最后一个辅音字母。
例如: | trip | tripped |
Irregular verbs - 不规则动词
某些动词过去式的构成,不加词尾 ed, 而是有其特殊的形式。
这些动词并不多,需要通过逐个学习来掌握。
The simple past - 一般过去时
以下是一些常用不规则动词的过去式及过去分词:
build | built | built | pay | paid | paid |
buy | bought | bought | read | read | read |
catch | caught | caught | say | said | said |
drive | drove | driven | send | sent | sent |
fall | fell | fallen | speak | spoke | spoken |
feel | felt | felt | spend | spent | spent |
find | found | found | take | took | taken |
get | got | got/gotten | tell | told | told |
go | went | gone | think | thought | thought |
make | made | made | write | wrote | written |
下列为不规则变化的动词:
blow | blew | blown |
fly | flew | flown |
grow | grew | grown |
know | knew | known |
mow | mowed | mown |
sew | sewed | sewn |
sow | sowed | sown |
show | showed | shown |
throw | threw | thrown |
这里列出了一些不规则动词:
bring | brought | put | put |
build | built | read | read |
buy | bought | ring | rang |
drive | drove | run | ran |
get | got | see | saw |
give | gave | sell | sold |
keep | kept | send | sent |
lose | lost | swim | swam |
make | made | take | took |
mean | meant | tell | told |
meet | met | think | thought |
pay | paid | write | wrote |
许多动词的过去式不规则,不过,在构成疑问句或否定句时,无论规则动词还是不规则动词,都使用相同的助动词。
例如:
We had a great time on holiday.
I didn't have a great time on holiday.
Did you have a great time on holiday?
Was, were - be 的过去式
be 动词的过去式是 was 或 were,否定式相应为 wasn't 和 weren't。
陈述 | 否定 | 疑问 |
I was | I wasn't | Was I ...? |
you were | you weren't | Were you? |
he/she/it was | he/she/it wasn't | Was he/she/it ...? |
we were | we weren't | Were we ...? |
you were | you weren't | Were you ...? |
they were | they weren't | Were they ...? |
The simple past of the verb 'do' - 助动词 do 的过去式
过去时中助动词 do 对于所有人称都只有一种形式。
过去时的否定式也是对助动词 do 进行变化,主动词保持不定式不变。
Simple past - 一般过去时
对于规则动词而言,构成一般过去时只需要在动词词尾直接加 ed:
例如: | talk | talked |
work | worked |
如果动词的不定式形式是以字母e结尾的,构成过去式时,直接加字母 d:
例如: | change | changed |
estimate | estimated |
遇到重读闭音节的单词,构成过去式时最后一个辅音字母要双写:
例如: | stop | stopped |
Past tense - 一般过去时态
规则动词的过去式需要在词尾加 ed,如果动词以 e 结尾,则只需要在动词词尾加 d。
现在时 | 过去时 |
start | started |
arrive | arrived |
以 y 结尾的动词,需要把 y 变成 i,再加 ed。某些动词还需要双写最后一个辅音字母。
现在时态 | 过去时态 |
copy | copied |
stop | stopped |
Past tense - 过去时态
现在时 | 过去时 |
buy | bought |
drive | drove |
eat | ate |
go | went |
have | had |
steal | stole |
The simple past of the verb 'be' - be 动词的一般过去时
be 动词是不规则动词,故过去式有 was 和 were 两种形式。
The simple past - 一般过去时
规则动词的过去式可在动词词尾加 ed 构成(例如 worked, played, tried, stopped 等等)。
以 ' 辅音字母 + y ' 结尾的动词构成过去式时需改 y 为 i 加 ed。
下面列出一些常用不规则动词的过去式和过去分词:
break | broke | broken |
bring | brought | brought |
come | came | come |
do | did | done |
drink | drank | drunk |
fight | fought | fought |
have | had | had |
know | knew | known |
lose | lost | lost |
throw | threw | thrown |
win | won | won |
be | was | forget | forgot |
begin | began | fly | flew |
bend | bent | freeze | froze |
blow | blew | go | went |
break | broke | grow | grew |
cost | cost | leave | left |
draw | drew | meet | met |
drink | drank | ring | rang |
eat | ate | say | said |
fall | fell | shake | shook |
feel | felt | sleep | slept |
find | found | spend | spent |
fight | fought | wake | woke |
'Used to' - used to 结构
描述过去存在,而现在已经不再具有的某种习惯性行为,可以使用 ' used to + 不定式 ' 结构。
例如: | I used to smoke. |
(我以前抽烟。) | |
Jason didn't use to be so healthy. | |
(杰森从前没这么健康。) | |
Did you use to work out a lot? | |
(你以前习惯做很多运动吗?) |
' used to + 不定式 ' 结构仅有过去时态,没有现在时态。
如果想表达某人过去常常做某事的意思,可以使用 ' used to + 不定式 ' 的结构:
例如: | Grandma used to buy cookies. |
(奶奶过去常常买饼干。) |
该结构的否定式为:' did not (didn't) use to + 不定式 '
例如: | They didn't use to steal. |
(他们从来没偷过东西。) |
Past perfect
Past perfect - 过去完成时态
过去完成时态由 ' had + 过去分词 ' 构成,对于所有的人称,其形式相同。
例如: | I | had | given |
he | had | given |
如果一个动作和行为在过去某一时刻发生,而需要描述的另一个动作或行为比该行为的发生时间还要早,则需要使用过去完成时态。简单地说,过去完成时态就是过去时的过去时。
这个时态用于描述在过去某个动作行为发生以前的一个动作行为,即过去的过去。如果没有和过去时的比较就不需要使用这种时态了。
过去完成时的进行时态和现在完成时的进行时态相似,由 ' be 动词的过去完成时态(had been)+ 现在分词(动词的 ing 形式)' 共同构成。
例如: | I had been sleeping. |
The past perfect continuous - 过去完成进行时态
过去完成进行时态由 ' had been + 实意动词 ing ' 构成。
例如: | I had been sleeping. |
Conjunctions - 连词
一些连词一般与过去完成时搭配使用,表示过去发生动作的不一致。例如: after, before, as soon as, once。
Reported speech: shift of tenses - 间接引语:时态的改变
在间接引语的引导词使用一般过去时的时候,直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态需要在间接引语中改为过去完成时态,以表示转述这段话的时间与说话人说这段话的时间有所间隔。
例如:
She said, 'I worked there once.' | Jan said, 'I've been there.' |
(她说:' 我曾经在那儿工作过。') | (珍妮说:' 我去过那儿。') |
She said she had worked there once. | Jan said she'd been there. |
(她说,她曾经在那儿工作过。) | (珍妮说,她去过那儿。) |
尽管有时候时态的改动并不是必须的,但作相应的改动总是正确的。
Past perfect - 过去完成时
过去完成时由 ' had +过去分词 ' 构成。所有人称的变化都是一样的。
例: | I | had | given |
he | had | given |
这个时态用于描述在过去某个动作行为发生以前的一个动作行为,即过去的过去。如果没有和过去时的比较就不需要使用这种时态了。