Conditional clauses
表达一种最一般的可能性,需要使用条件句类型一。其构成如下:
if | 一般现在时 | will + 不定式 | |
If you | come to the party, | you | will meet Kate. |
If it | rains tomorrow, | we | will get very wet. |
If she | doesn't win, | she | won't be happy. |
主从句的次序可以颠倒,例如:
You will meet Kate if you come to the party.
(如果你来参加聚会,就可以遇见凯特。)
表达一种非现实的假设,需要使用条件句类型二。其构成如下:
if | 一般过去时 | would + 不定式 | |
If you | worked harder | you | would earn more money. |
If John | were rich | he | would live in California. |
这里主从句的次序也可以颠倒,例如:
You would earn more, if you worked harder.
(要是你工作再努力一些,肯定能赚得更多。)
条件句类型三用来描述过去没有发生的事情。在 if 引导的从句中,动词使用过去完成时态(' had + 过去分词),在主句中使用 'would / could / should + have + 过去分词 ' 结构。
例如:
If he had told me about the concert, I would have come, too.
(如果他早告诉我音乐会的事,我也就去了。)
Conditional clauses type I - 条件句类型一
如果条件句(conditional clauses)描述的是将来要发生的事情,则以 if 引导的从句使用一般现在时,主句中的动词使用将来时或现在时。
例如: | If I sleep well tonight, I will get up early tomorrow. |
(如果我今晚睡得好,明天就会很早起床。) |
如果所说的话是具有普遍意义的客观事实,则从句与主句都使用一般现在时态。
例如: | If I sleep well, I get up early. |
(如果我睡得好,就能很早起床。) |
Conditional clauses type II - 条件句类型二
如果条件句涉及不太可能实现,但并非不可想象的内容,则在 if 引导的从句中使用一般过去时,主句中的动词使用虚拟式(' would/should/could + 动词不定式 ')。
这些句子通常描述愿望或梦想之类的内容。
如果条件从句中使用的是第一人称单数形式,be 动词必须使用 were,而不是 was。
例如: | If I were you, I would buy it anyway. |
(我要是你,就说什么也得把它买下来。) |
Conditional clauses type III - 条件句类型三
如果条件句描述的是过去没有发生,而且此后再也不可能发生的行为,以 if 引导的从句使用过去完成时(' had + 过去分词 '),主句使用 ' would/could/should + have + 过去分词 ' 结构。
例如:
He would have told me if he had wanted my help.
(如果他真需要帮忙,他肯定会告诉我的。)
该条件句的否定形式,可直接在 would 后面加 not。
例如:
If he had told me about the concert, I would have come, too.
(如果他真告诉了我有音乐会,那我也会去的。)
Conditional clauses type I / II / III - 条件句类型一、二、三
条件句有三种基本形式:
If + present, | future |
If + past, | would + infinitive |
If + past perfect, | would have + past participle |
在 if 引导的从句中,不会出现 will 或 would:
If I go to the store, I will buy a shirt.
If I went to the store, I would buy a shirt.
If I had gone to the store, I would have bought a shirt.
类型一、类型二、类型三分别表示事件将来、现在、过去(理论上)发生的可能性。
If/when + present - If/when + 一般现在时
如果句子描述的仅仅是普遍情况,而非对将来的推测,则在主句和从句中都用一般现在时
Conditional sentences - 条件句
条件句类型二用于描述理论上可以实现,但实际上并没有或不太可能实现的条件。
例如: | If you watched what you ate, you would skip dessert. |
(如果你注意到都吃了些什么,那么你就会放弃饭后甜点的。) |
条件句类型三表示,在说话人说出句中条件时,该条件已经不可能实现,因为已经为时过晚。
例如: | If you had skipped dessert, you wouldn't have gained ten pounds. |
(如果你放弃吃饭后甜点,那你就不会胖了十磅。) |
条件句类型二与类型三在符合逻辑的前提下可以混用。
例如: | If you hadn't eaten so much, you wouldn't be ten pounds heavier now. |
(如果你没吃那么多,现在就不会胖了十磅。) |
Inversion with conditional sentences - 条件句的倒装
在 if 引导的条件句中,可以将 if 省去,用倒装的形式表达同样的意思。这样句子的语气听起来更正式,但句子的意思保持不变。
例如: | If she had become a lawyer, she would have made a lot of money. |
Had she become a lawyer, she would have made a lot of money. | |
(如果她成为了一名律师,她就能挣很多钱。) |
Passive voice
The passive voice - 被动语态
在被动语态中,当有必要指出施动者时,用' be + 动词的过去分词 + by + 施动者 ' 的形式表达。当不知道动作的发起者,或不想说出动作的发起者时,使用被动语态。
同一件事情可以用不同的方式表达。在主动语态中,人们直接描述谁做了什么事;而在被动语态中,人们则可以反过来描述什么事情被什么人,或者用什么方式做完了。
被动语态由 ' be 动词 + 过去分词 ' 构成。
主动(一般现在时) | 被动(一般现在时) |
That man steals a lot of cars. | A lot of cars are stolen in London. |
(那个人偷很多车。) | (伦敦有很多车被偷。) |
主动(一般过去时) | 被动(一般过去时) |
Everton beat Manchester. | Manchester was beaten by Everton. |
(埃弗顿打败了曼彻斯特。) | (曼彻斯特被埃弗顿打败了。) |
如果想在被动语态中指出动作的发出者,即表达某件事是被谁完成的,需要使用介词 by。
例如: | He was killed by a woman. |
(他被一个女人杀害了。) |
如果想在英语中表达让别人完成了某件事,可以使用 have something done。该结构由 ' have + 名词 + 过去分词 ' 构成。
例如:. | He cooks our meals. |
(他给我们做饭。) | |
We have our meals cooked. | |
(我们的饭做好了。) |
The passive voice - 被动语态
与主动语态相对,被动语态中不涉及施动者的信息。
施动者可能不清楚,或者无足轻重。如果有必要指出施动者,可以用 ' 介词 by + 介词宾语 ' 的形式来说明。
例如: | People build houses. (主动语态) |
Houses are built (by people). (被动语态) |
被动态(passive)由' be 动词 + 过去分词 ' 构成:
The letters | are | written. |
The letters | are being | written. |
The letters | were | written. |
The letters | were being | written. |
The letters | have been | written. |
The letters | had been | written. |
The letters | will be | written. |
The passive voice in the present tense - 一般现在时的被动语态
一般现在时的被动语态由 ' be 动词 + 动词的过去分词 ' 构成。be 动词的形式随主语人称和数量的变化而变化。
例如:
This product is imported from China.
He is called Joe.
例如:
The policeman tells him to stop.(主动语态)
He is told to stop.(被动语态)
The children build sand castles.(主动语态)
The sand castlles are built.(被动语态)
在被动语态中行为才是关注的中心,而施动者却不受关注!
The passive with 'have to' - have to 的被动语态
可以用 ' have to be + 动词的过去分词 ' 形式表示某个动作或行为的必要性,表示该行为或动作必须去做。
The passive in the past tense - 过去时态的被动语态
过去时态的被动语态由动词 ' be 动词的过去式 + 动词的过去分词 ' 构成。
例如:
The question was asked.
The passive in the present/past perfect - 现在完成时与过去完成时的被动语态
现在完成时的被动语态由 be 动词的现在完成时形式与实意动词的过去分词共同构成。
例如:She has been paid correctly.
过去完成时的被动语态由 be 动词的过去完成时形式与实意动词的过去分词共同构成。
例如:She had been paid correctly.
在被动语态中也有同样的规则:即遇到某些表示时间的介词短语或副词时,必须使用现在完成时态或者过去完成时态。
The passive in the future tense - 将来时态中的被动语态
在将来时态中,被动语态由 be 动词的将来时形式(will be)与实意动词的过去分词共同构成。
例如:The letter will be written.
Passive - 被动语态
尽管某些句子在主动语态中,需要用 do 来构成否定,但在被动语态的否定句中,do 则不会出现,因为构成被动语态的 be 也是一个助动词,所以直接在 be 动词后加 not 就可以了。
例如: | It is not changed. |
现在进形时也有被动语态,构成的方式是在助动词 am / are / is 后加 being,再加行为动词的过去分词。
例如: | It is built. |
It is being built. |
Past tense forms - 过去时形式
主动 | 被动 |
I did it. | It was done. |
I was doing it. | It was being done. |
I have done it. | It has been done. |
I had done it. | It had been done. |
Dative objects in passive - 间接宾语在被动语态中的应用
在英语中,主动语态中的间接宾语也可以在被动语态中作主语。
例如:
He was given the book.
(他被别人给了一本书。)
answer, congratulate, excuse, follow, help, order, tell, thank 等动词所加的间接宾语,在被动语态中均可作句子的主语。
Active vs. passive - 主动语态与被动语态
在需要强调行为、决定或立场本身,并且动作的发出者不重要时,可以使用被动语态。被动语态也可用于使句子的语气听起来更加正式和客观。被动句与主动句遵循同样的规则,将主动句改为被动句时,时态不需要发生变化。被动语态可以使句子听起来更加正式和客观,也正因为如此,使用被动语态时,那些本来比较不好接受的激烈的观点和看法,听起来就不那么难以接受了。
主动: | The engineer writes a lot of reports. |
(工程师写了很多报告。) | |
被动: | A lot of reports are written (by the engineer). |
(很多报告被工程师写出来了。) |