Imperatives
Imperatives - 命令式
动词的命令式用于提出要求或发出命令。
在英语中,命令式由不带 to 的不定式构成,对于所有的人称形式相同。
例如: | Go home! |
(回家!) | |
Take a seat! | |
(坐下!) |
其否定式由助动词 do 构成,也就是说,人们只需要把 don't 或 do not 直接置于动词不定式之前。
例如: | Don't go home! |
(不要回家!) | |
Don't sit down! | |
(别坐下!) |
命令式经常在为别人指路时使用。
例如: | Go straight ahead! |
(一直走!) |
命令式对于所有的人称都一样,使用动词的原形。
命令式的否定式用助动词 do 构成,只需要把 don't 或者 do not 放在动词原形的前面。
Commands in reported speech - 间接引语中的命令式
在间接引语中,命令式用特定的间接引语引导动词和带to的不定式共同构成。
命令式特有的间接引语引导动词有:to tell somebody, to advise, to order 等等。
间接引语中的命令式由特定的引导动词和带 to 的不定式共同构成。
对其进行否定时,只需要在不定式前直接加 not。
Case
Case - 格
在一句话中,主语是动作的发出者。
例如: | The car is blue. |
(那辆车是蓝色的。) |
而宾语则是动作的承受者。
例如: | I can see the girl. |
(我能看到那个女孩。) | |
He gives her a present. | |
(他送给她一件礼物。) |
在英语中,可以通过人称代词来判断句子成分是主语、直接宾语还是间接宾语。
例如: | He gave her a book. |
(他给了她一本书。) |
对于名词而言,仅在构成所有格时需改变其形式,即加 's,在名词充当其它句子成分(主语或宾语)时,其形式不变。
例如: | Sue's book. |
(苏的书。) |
The genitive case - 所有格
可在单数名词之后加 's 表示其所有格。
例如:Sue's book. | (苏的书) |
复数名词以 s 结尾的, 直接在 s 之后加上 ',表示其所有格。
例如:The teachers' room. | (教师们的房间) |
Pronouns - 代词
人称代词在英语中有主格和宾格两种形式,汉语中则没有这种分别。人称代词作宾语时,其形式如下(即人称代词的宾格形式):
me | 我(宾格) |
you | 你(宾格) |
him | 他(宾格) |
her | 她(宾格) |
it | 它(宾格) |
us | 我们(宾格) |
you | 你们(宾格) |
them | 他/她/它们(宾格) |
Contractions - 缩写
有时候英语中的两个单词可以写在一起。
例如: | I've | (I have) |
don't | (do not) |
这种形式被称为缩写形式(contractions 或 short forms)。缩写包含两种情形:
代词 + 助动词 | 助动词 + not |
I've | aren't |
you'll | isn't |
he'd | hadn't |
we're | don't |
it's | won't |
've, 'd 和 're 三种形式仅在人称代词后使用。's 也可用于名词和疑问词。
例如: | My father's a gardener. |
(我父亲是一位花匠。) | |
Where's the toilet? | |
(厕所在哪儿?) |
缩写形式仅在口头语或非正式的书面语中使用。
be 和 have got 的缩写形式。
Short forms - 缩写形式
人称代词和名词后面的动词 be 可以缩写。
is not 简写为 isn't,are not 简写为 aren't,但 am not 不能缩写。
例如: | She isn't Chinese. |
(她不是中国人。) |
当然也可以使用动词的缩写形式,再加 not。
例如: | She's not Chinese. |
I'm not Chinese. |
The short form of 'be' - be 动词的缩写形式
I'm | we're |
you're | you're |
he's, she's, it's | they're |
还记得下面的动词变化吗:be, have, do
I | am | have | do |
you | are | have | do |
he | is | has | does |
we | are | have | do |
you | are | have | do |
they | are | have | do |
I'm | we're |
you're | you're |
he's, she's, it's | they're |
I | am | have | do |
you | are | have | do |
he | is | has | does |
we | are | have | do |
you | are | have | do |
they | are | have | do |
Negation - 否定
在将来时态中,否定式通过加 not 来构成。
例如: | I will not go home. |
I am not going to go home. |
will not 可以缩写为 won't。
例如: | I won't go home. |
以 going to 构成的将来时,其否定式的缩写形式与 be 动词的缩写形式构成相同。
例如: | I'm not going to go home. |
You are not (aren't) going to ... |
Want - 想要
如果想更礼貌地表达 I want (我想要)的意思,可以使用 I would like (缩写形式:I'd like)。
want | would like |
I want | I'd like |
you want | you'd like |
he/she wants | he'd/she'd like |
we want | we'd like |
you want | you'd like |
they want | they'd like |
Short forms - 缩写
缩写 's 可以有三种完整形式:
例如:
He's at home at the moment. | (代表 is) |
She's gone home. | (代表 has) |
Sue's book is on the table. | (代表所有格) |
动词 have 经常缩写为 've。
I've seen the film.